Equality and Liberty in Society essays

Equality and Liberty in Society essays Attempts by the government to promote more equality end up lessening our freedoms enjoyed. The United States government was created as a republic by our founding fathers who adopted a Bill of Rights in hopes to ensure our natural born freedoms. As stated in the constitution of the United States, all men are created equal; in reality are all men essentially created equal? I would have to disagree. All men are only born with equal capabilities. There are always some individuals that have a better advantage, resulting from either tradition, custom, heredity, money or authority. Equality and liberty go hand in hand; one always affects the other. Equality is defined by Websters Dictionary as the quality or state of being equal in nature or status; having the same rights or privileges. In a democratic society like ours equality is hard to balance. Inequalities are inevitable, whether they are physical, health, emotional, intelligence, or psychological they occur. In every nation around the world there is a hierarchy of wealth, and status and power that creates a division of social classes. For example, if you live in a wealthy community and you are from a poor family, you will be constantly comparing yourself to them. You will probably most definitely never be as fortunate as the wealthy. Although if you lived in a community of poverty and you were just poor, you would probably be considered the more fortunate one. Thus creating a natural inequality because of the standards one desires to exceed. This just goes to prove that two individuals never grow up with in the same circumstances. Hierarchical organizations dominate economic life in the industrial nations around the world. Society has drawn fine lines dividing social classes, proving we are unequal. It is a fact that in the United States today, one percent of the population holds ninety nine percent of the wealth. The wealth that these individuals obta...

Ottoman Empire Society and Structure

Ottoman Empire Society and Structure The Ottoman Empire was organized into a very complicated social structure  because it was a large, multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Ottoman society was divided between Muslims and non-Muslims, with Muslims theoretically having a higher standing than Christians or Jews. During the early years of Ottoman rule, a Sunni Turkish minority ruled over a Christian majority, as well as a sizable Jewish minority. Key Christian ethnic groups included the Greeks, Armenians, and Assyrians, as well as Coptic Egyptians. As people of the Book, other monotheists were treated with respect. Under the millet system, the people of each faith were ruled and judged under their own laws: for Muslims, canon law for Christians, and halakha for Jewish citizens. Although non-Muslims sometimes paid higher taxes, and Christians were subject to the  blood tax, a tax paid in male children, there was not a lot of day-to-day differentiation between people of different faiths. In theory, non-Muslims were barred from holding high office, but enforcement of that regulation was lax during much of the Ottoman period. During the later years, non-Muslims became the minority due to secession and out-migration, but they were still treated quite equitably. By the time the Ottoman Empire collapsed after World War I, its population was 81% Muslim. Government Versus Non-Government Workers Another important social distinction was that between people who worked for the government versus people who did not. Again, theoretically, only Muslims could be part of the sultans government, although they could be converts from Christianity or Judaism. It did not matter if a person was born free or was a slave; either could rise to a position of power. People associated with the Ottoman court or divan were considered higher status than those who were not. They included members of the sultans household, army and navy officers and enlisted men, central and regional bureaucrats, scribes, teachers, judges, and lawyers, as well as members of the other professions. This entire bureaucratic machinery made up only about 10% of the population, and was overwhelmingly Turkish, although some minority groups were represented in the bureaucracy and the military through the devshirme system. Members of the governing class ranged from the sultan and his grand vizier, through regional governors and officers of the Janissary corps, down to nisanci or court calligrapher.  The government became known collectively as the Sublime Porte, after the gate to the administrative building complex. The remaining 90% of the population were the tax-payers who supported the elaborate Ottoman bureaucracy. They included skilled and unskilled laborers, such as farmers, tailors, merchants, carpet-makers, mechanics, etc. The vast majority of the sultans Christian and Jewish subjects fell into this category. According to Muslim tradition, the government should welcome the conversion of any subject who was willing to become Muslim. However, since Muslims paid lower taxes than members of other religions, ironically it was in the Ottoman divans interests to have the largest possible number of non-Muslim subjects. A mass conversion would have spelled economic disaster for the Ottoman Empire. In Summary Essentially, then, the Ottoman Empire had a small but elaborate government bureaucracy, made up almost entirely of Muslims, most of them of Turkish origin. This divan was supported by a large cohort of mixed religion and ethnicity, mostly farmers, who paid taxes to the central government. Source Sugar, Peter. Ottoman Social and State Structure. Southeastern Europe Under Ottoman Rule, 1354 - 1804. University of Washington Press, 1977.

Store More Custom Data Into Tree Node in Delphi

Store More Custom Data Into Tree Node in Delphi The TTreeView Delphi component displays a hierarchical list of items- tree nodes. A node is presented by node text and an optional image. Each node in a tree view is an instance of a TTreeNode class. While you can fill in the tree view with items at design time, using the TreeView Items Editor, in most cases you would fill your tree view at run time- depending what your application is about. The TreeView Items Editor reveals theres only a handful of information you can attach to a node: text and a few image indexes (for the normal state, expanded, selected and alike). In essence, the tree view component is easy to program against. There are a couple of methods to add new nodes to the tree and set their hierarchy. Heres how to add 10 nodes to the tree view (named TreeView1). Note that the Items property provides access to all nodes in the tree. The AddChild adds a new node to the tree view. The first parameter is the parent node (to build up the hierarchy) and the second parameter is the node text. The AddChild returns the newly added TTreeNode. In the above code sample, all 10 nodes are added as root nodes (have no parent node). In any more complex situations you would want your nodes to carry more info- preferably to have some special values (properties) that are specific to the project you are developing. Say you want to display customer-order-item data from your database. Each customer can have more orders and each order is made up from more items. This is a hierarchical relation one can display in a tree view: In your database there would be more info for each order and for each item. The tree view displays the (read only) current state - and you want to see per order (or even per item) details for the selected order. When the user selects the node Order_1_1 you want the order details (total sum, date, etc) to get displayed to the user. You can, at that time fetch the required data from the database, BUT you would need to know the unique identifier (lets say an integer value) of the selected order to grab the correct data. We need a way to store this order identifier along with the node but we cannot use the Text property. The custom value we need to store in each node is an integer (just an example). When such a situation happens you might be tempted to look for the Tag property (many Delphi components have) but the Tag property is not exposed by the TTreeNode class. Add Custom Data To Tree Nodes:Â  The TreeNode.Data Property The Data property of a tree node allows you to associate your custom data with a tree node. Data is a pointer and can point to objects and records. The Displaying XML (RSS Feed) Data in a TreeView shows how to store a record type variable into the Data property of a tree node. Many item-type classes expose the Data property- you can use to store any object along with the item. An example is the TListItem of a TListView component. Heres how to add objects to the Data property. Add Custom Data To Tree Nodes:Â  The TreeView.CreateNodeClass If you do not want to use the Data property of the TTreeNode, but rather you would like to have your own TreeNode extended with a few properties, Delphi also has a solution. Say you want to be able to do Heres how to extend the standard TTreeNode with a few properties of your own: Create your TMyTreeNode by extending the TTreeNode.Add it a string property MyProperty.Handle the OnCreateNodeClass for the tree view to specify your node class should be created.Expose something like TreeView1_SelectedNode property on the form level. This would be of type TMyTreeNode.Handle tree views OnChange to write to the SelectedNode the value of the node that is selected.Use TreeView1_Selected.myProperty to read or write new custom value. Heres the full source code (TButton: Button1 and TTreeView: TreeView1 on a form): This time the Data property of the TTreeNode class is not used. Rather, you extend the TTreeNode class to have your own version of a tree node: TMyTreeNode. Using the OnCreateNodeClass event of the tree view, you create a node of your custom class instead of the standard TTreenode class.

John smith4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

John smith4 - Essay Example Secondly, during his voyages, Captain John Smith made the first map of the region. This map also led to the discovery of Jamestown and people we able to access the town using the maps made by the captain. The article is written to appreciate the contributions that one Captain John Smith made towards making Jamestown one of the earliest towns to be inhabited in the history of America. It also seeks to appreciate the significant strides that the town has taken in the last 400 years. The articles intended audience is the people of Jamestown. The article will help them appreciate where the town has come from and the strides it has taken to be where it is today and also celebrate the people who have helped the town like Captain John Smith. I was interested in captain Smith voyages in which he travelled over 1500 miles with a bowing boat. These were the excursions that made him draw up the map of Jamestown. I was also interested in how the town decided to commemorate Captain John Smith by having a similar voyage to which he had 400 years

Muscular System Outine Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Muscular System Outine - Assignment Example Another research on muscular system is on the testing of strength and rowers training (Lawton et al., 2011). This research has established that children physical activity is associated with fundamental movement skills. The second research has established that elite rowers are stronger in comparison to less competitive peers. This was based on the relationship, which exists between lean body mass and strength. Moreover, the research established that maximal strength could only be attained and sustained in cases where infrequent, but intense units of strength training were used Researchers still have questions on the relationship between behavioral and physiological outcomes in adolescents and children and fundamentals movement skills (Lubans et al., 2010). On the second research, researchers have a question on whether training should focus at attainment of optimal strength, power, and endurance, so that performance would be enhanced in the competition phase (Lawton et al.,

Pharmaceutical companies and the supply of essential drugs to least Assignment

Pharmaceutical companies and the supply of essential drugs to least developed countries (LDCs) - Assignment Example of HIV/AIDS is used as an example for showing the level at which the firm is willing to promote ethics and to ignore the relevant effects on its profitability. The review of the firm’s practices in supporting the patients of HIV in South Africa has revealed the following facts: the firm has taken initiatives for promoting public health, or, else, public good, in the specific regions. However, the performance of the business in fully promoting CSR can be doubted, a view that it can be verified by the allegations that the firm has faced in the past for violating ethics. On the other hand, the measures that the firm took for supporting people in poor countries cannot be ignored. Thus, it could be concluded that the firm is willing to promote CSR but it could not achieve such target without making alterations in its CSR, as suggested below. The expansion of HIV/AIDS in South Africa is quite rapid. In the map in Figure 1 (Appendices) the infection from HIV globally is presented; through this map it is made clear that South Africa holds the first place, along with other African countries of the mid-Africa region, in regard to the infection from HIV. In South Africa the expansion of HIV seems to be related mostly to young girls who become victims of sexual exploitation by old men (BBC News 2013). The graph in Figure 2 (Appendices) presents the percentage of girls as compared to boys affected from HIV in Kenya; the difference between the two categories is clear. According to a report published in March of 2013 a percentage of about ‘25% school-girls in South Africa’ (BBC News 2013, par.1) has been infected by HIV/AIDS after suffering a sexual assault. The relevant research refers to young girls up to 14 years. In fact, in South Africa women are more exposed to the risk of HIV/AIDS than men: women in South Afri ca are infected by HIV/ AIDS at a percentage of 23.2% while for men the relevant percentage is significantly lower, about 18.8% (BBC News 2014, par.4). Today,

Love. Negligent Tort Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Love. Negligent Tort - Coursework Example There must have been a duty of care owed by the defendant to the plaintiff, the duty of care must have been breached, the breach must have resulted into a loss, and the immediate loss must have been attributable to the actions of the defendant (Miller and Gentz, 2009). Duty of care refers to a person’s obligation to refrain from causing harm to other members of the society and from infringing other people’s rights. The principle of duty of care therefore establishes fundamentals of peaceful coexistence in the society. The measure of degree of duty of care in the law of negligent tort is measured by the standard of a normally rational person. Further, determination of the duty of care relies on the capacity of the defendant. There are however certain exemptions to a person’s duty of care to other parties. Foreseeable risks and contributory negligence for instance reduces a defendant’s liability to exercise a duty of care to another person (Miller and Gentz, 2009). Negligent tort is further defined by failure to exercise a person’s duty of care to others. The breach of duty of care is also defined by normal standards of the defendant and the environment. A professional medical practitioner is for example more liable for breach of duty of care to a patient than an ordinary citizen under the same conditions is. The breach of duty of care must subsequently be supported by a resultant legal damage. The term legal damage means that the injury that is suffered by the plaintiff must be actionable before a legal system. This is because some losses may not be legally recognized (Miller and Gentz, 2009). The final element of a negligent tort is the proximate causation. This element defines the relationship between the damage suffered and the actions of the defendant. Negligent tort can only be instituted if the damage suffered by the plaintiff is attributable to the defendant’s breach of duty of care (Ramlogan, Persadie and