Performance enhancing drugs in sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Execution improving medications in sports - Essay Example The utilization of anabolic steroids and other execution improving medications has become a very regular event in sports today at all levels, from secondary school to proficient. These substances have the impact of empowering competitors to accomplish to some degree superhuman degrees of solidarity and continuance. The weight on today’s competitors to perform and contend at significant levels is serious, and execution upgrading drugs are an enticing method to handily push one’s normal execution abilities to in any case unimaginable levels. Shockingly, they precise an enormous cost for the athlete’s physical prosperity, just as on the uprightness of the game wherein it is being used. The wellbeing consequences of execution improving substances are faltering. They can possibly unleash ruin on a significant number of the frameworks in the human body; and have been known to prompt serious and irreversible physical harm to the body, and even passing. The medications establish considerable hazard to any competitor who decides to use them. The companion pressure and different worry to act in today’s sports condition by the by lead numerous to face that challenge. Absolutely, the momentary likely rewards, regularly including notoriety and fortune, can be very enticing. All things considered, those competitors in numerous pro athletics who truly perform at the highest point of their game are sure to in the long run order incredible entireties of cash. The effect of execution improving medications on the honesty of the game is likewise a significant issue, as the individuals who play clean and push their regular execution levels beyond what many would consider possible despite everything are frequently unfit to contend with those using these substances.

Manufacturing alumina Free Essays

The creation of aluminum starts with the mining and beneficiation of bauxite. At the mine (normally of the surface sort), bauxite mineral is expelled to a smasher. The squashed metal is then screened and amassed, prepared for conveyance to an alumina plant. We will compose a custom article test on Assembling alumina or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now At the alumina plant, the bauxite metal is additionally squashed or ground to the right molecule size for proficient extraction of the alumina through absorption by hot sodium hydroxide alcohol. After expulsion of â€Å"red mud† (the insoluble piece of the bauxite) and fine solids from the procedure alcohol, aluminum trihydrate precious stones are hastened and calcined in rotational ovens or fluidized bed calciners to create alumina (Al2O3). (Bounicore Wayne 1992) Some alumina forms incorporate an alcohol refinement step. Essential aluminum is delivered by the electrolytic decrease of the alumina. The alumina is broken down in a liquid shower of fluoride aggravates (the electrolyte), and an electric flow is gone through the shower, making the alumina separate to shape fluid aluminum and oxygen. The oxygen responds with carbon in the cathode to create carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Liquid aluminum gathers in the base of the individual cells or pots and is evacuated under vacuum into tapping pots. . Contingent upon the ideal application, extra refining might be essential. For demagging (expulsion of magnesium from the soften), unsafe substances, for example, chlorine and hexachloroethane are regularly utilized, which may create dioxins and dibenzofurans. (Bounicore Wayne 1992) Modern types of aluminum incorporate financially unadulterated metal and combinations with different metals, for example, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel, titanium and zinc. Aluminum compounds may contain as much as fifteen percent of the alloying metals. In powder structure, aluminum and its combinations are burnable in air and present a potential blast risk. In sheet or square structures, aluminum won't typically engender or support burning. (Metals Alloys, 1976) Perils and Risks Entail in Processing At the bauxite creation offices, dust is produced to the air from dryers and materials-dealing with gear, through vehicular development, and from impacting. The residue isn't risky; it very well may be an annoyance if control frameworks are not set up, particularly on the dryers and taking care of gear. Other air emanations could incorporate nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and different results of burning from the bauxite dryers. (Paris Com, 1992) Mineral washing and beneficiation may yield process wastewaters containing suspended solids. Spillover from precipitation may likewise contain suspended solids. At the alumina plant, air outflows can incorporate bauxite dust from taking care of and preparing; limestone dust from limestone dealing with, consumed lime dust from transports and canisters, alumina dust from materials taking care of, red mud residue and sodium salts from red mud stacks impoundments), scathing pressurized canned products from cooling towers, and results of ignition, for example, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from boilers, calciners, versatile gear, and ovens. The calciners may likewise emanate alumina dust and the furnaces, consumed lime dust. In spite of the fact that alumina plants don't typically release effluents, substantial rainfalls can bring about surface overflow that surpasses what plant can use in process. (Brady Humiston, 1982) Hydrogen Generating Reactions Aluminum is an extremely receptive metal, and the best modern risks related with aluminum are synthetic responses. Aluminum is a brilliant lessening operator, and ought to respond with water promptly to free hydrogen. Notwithstanding, the defensive aluminum oxide covering shields it from response with dampness or oxygen. On the off chance that the defensive covering is broken, for instance, by scratching or by amalgamation (the way toward covering with a film of mercury wherein the metallic aluminum breaks up; the aluminum oxide covering doesn't hold fast to the amalgamated surface), quick response with dampness as well as oxygen can happen. The noteworthiness of this response is reliant upon the amount of aluminum accessible to respond. Aluminum is likewise oxidized by heat at a temperature subordinate rate. (Stare, Beddow, Chen, Butler, 1982) Aluminum metal is amphoteric (displays both acidic and essential attributes). Subsequently, aluminum will respond with acids or bases; the two responses free hydrogen, a combustible gas. Nonetheless, aluminum doesn't respond with concentrated nitric corrosive on the grounds that the oxidizing capability of the corrosive adds to the arrangement of the defensive aluminum oxide covering. (Martin, 1976) Thermite Reactions Aluminum promptly extricates oxygen from other metal oxides to shape aluminum oxide with the concurrent arrival of a lot of warmth (enough warmth to dissolve the results of the response). For instance, the response of aluminum with ferric oxide to create fluid aluminum oxide and fluid iron produces temperatures moving toward 3000 °C (5400 °F). This response, alluded to as the â€Å"thermite reaction,† has been utilized to weld enormous masses of iron and steel; when encased in a metal chamber and touched off by a strip of magnesium has been utilized in flammable bombs; and, with ammonium perchlorate included as an oxidizer, has given the push to the space transport promoter rockets. (May Berard, 1987) Residue Explosions A residue blast is a mind boggling marvel including synchronous force, vitality, and mass vehicle in a responsive multi-stage framework. Aluminum particles, when in residue, powder, or drop structures from tasks, for example, producing powder, granulating, completing, and preparing, might be suspended as a residue cloud in air and thusly may touch off and cause genuine harm. In the event that the residue cloud is unconfined, the impact is basically one of glimmer fire. Assuming, be that as it may, the lighted residue cloud is in any event in part kept, the warmth of burning may bring about quickly expanding weight and produce blast impacts, for example, breaking of the restricting structure. Aluminum dust isn't in every case effectively ignitable, and, in this manner, the danger of residue blasts is frequently overlooked. Least unstable convergences of aluminum dust have been accounted for upwards from around 40 grams for every cubic meter (0.04 ounces per cubic foot) of air. (May Berard, 1987) Impacts on Health Aluminum particles saved in the eye may cause neighborhood tissue devastation. Aluminum salts may cause skin inflammation, conjunctivitis, dermatoses, and aggravation of the upper respiratory framework by means of hydrolysis-freed corrosive. Aluminum isn't for the most part viewed as a modern toxic substance, in spite of the fact that inward breath of finely partitioned aluminum powder has been accounted for as a reason for pneumoconiosis. In most analytical cases, nonetheless, it was discovered that presentation was not exclusively to aluminum, however to a blend of aluminum, silica, iron tidies, and different materials. Aluminum in pressurized canned products has been referenced in considers including Alzheimer’s sickness. Most exposures to aluminum happen in purifying and refining forms. Since aluminum might be alloyed with different metals, each metal (e.g., copper, zinc, magnesium, manganese, nickel, chromium, lead, and so forth.) may perhaps introduce its own wellbeing risks. (Buonicore Davis, 1992) Suggestion Aluminum dust is firmly fibrogenic. Metallic aluminum residue may cause nodular lung fibrosis, interstitial lung fibrosis, and emphysema as demonstrated in creature experimentation, and impacts seem, by all accounts, to be corresponded to molecule size of the dust30; be that as it may, when presentation to aluminum cleans have been concentrated in man, most exposures have been seen as to different synthetics just as aluminum. (Buonicore Davis, 1992) Security Measures: Prevention and Control The American Council of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) suggests the requirement for five separate Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for aluminum, contingent upon its structure (aluminum metal residue, aluminum pyro powders, aluminum welding exhaust, aluminum solvent salts, and aluminum alkyls). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has likewise settled Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) for aluminum. (May Berard, 1987) Contamination avoidance is constantly liked to the utilization of end-of-pipe contamination control offices. Thusly every endeavor ought to be made to fuse cleaner creation procedures and offices to restrain, at source, the amount of poisons produced. In the bauxite mine, where beneficiation and mineral washing are polished, tailings slurry of 7†9% solids is created for removal. The favored innovation is to think these tailings and discard them in the mined-out region. A centralization of 25â€30% can be accomplished through gravity settling in a tailings lake. The tailings can be additionally focused, utilizing a thickener, to 30â€50%, yielding a significantly volume diminished slurry. The alumina plant releases red mud in slurry of 25â€30% solids, and this additionally presents a chance to lessen removal volumes. (May Berard, 1987) Today’s innovation, as high-productivity profound thickeners, and huge distance across regular thickeners, can create a mud of 50â€60% solids focus. The lime utilized in the process structures insoluble solids that leave the plant alongside the red mud. Reusing the lime utilized as a separating help to assimilation to uproot the new lime that is regularly included now can limit these lime-based solids. At long last, emanating volume from the alumina plant can be limited or disposed of by great structure and working works on: diminishing the water added to the procedure, isolating condensates and reusing to the procedure, and utilizing water all the while. (Gaze, Beddow, Chen, Butler, 1982) References Brady, James E. what's more, Humiston, Gerard E. (1982), General Chemistry: Principles and Structure, Third Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Bounicore, Anthony J., and Wayne T. Davis, eds. (1992), Air Pollut

How to Improve Your Presentation Skills as an Entrepreneur

How to Improve Your Presentation Skills as an Entrepreneur © Shutterstock.com | ImageFlowThis article is going to teach you all about presentations. It will acquaint you with: 1) an introduction to presentations, 2) what makes you a good presenter, 3) preparing a great presentation, 4) delivering an effective presentation, 5) tools for presentations, and 6) a conclusion.INTRODUCTION TO PRESENTATIONSAlmost all of us have at some point or other attended a presentation of some sort. It may have been a lecture, a speech, a PowerPoint or slide show. It could have been informative, persuasive or presented to explain a concept or build goodwill.Usually during a presentation, a presenter talks about a topic or concept to an audience and explains it using visual aids, printed matter or other such material that support his presentation. Thus a presentation is the act of acquainting an audience with an idea, concept, product or theme, by explaining and demonstrating it to the audience, with the aim of encouraging the audience to agree to and act upon the presenter’s ideas.What Is a Presentation?There are many ways of communicating ideas to other people, but during a presentation, the ideas are put forth by a presenter, so there is a human element involved. The presenter’s personality affects the quality of a presentation. There is an immediate interaction between the audience and the presenter, and question and answers can be exchanged. The presenter has to be prepared and aware, should have an engaging personality, and should know the topic very well to be able to give an effective presentation.A presentation can be designed to communicate to a small group of people or a larger audience. It could be presented in a room or broadcast through media and internet across a wider area. Presentations can be used in education, business, marketing, research, and social and cultural situations. Wherever there is a need for exchanging ideas or educating about a concept, presentations can be used.Types of PresentationsThough we tend to think of presentations more as an element of business communication, presentations are much more than that. Presentations can be used anywhere and in many different contexts. There are many different types of presentations that are used to connect to the audience and encourage them to act according to what the presenter is proposing. Based on the aim behind the presentation, they can be categorized as follows:Motivational: These presentations are used to motivate the audience into doing something more than they are doing at present. These are used by leaders or people in authority to energize the audience to act. The presenters of motivational presentations are experts in their field and know how to build up a frenzy that makes the audience react in a particular manner.Arousing: These presentations are designed to make the audience think about particular things. The presenter arouses the emotions in the audience to make them receptive to his/her point of view. This involves trying t o build up trust, sincerity and solidarity with the audience, before including a call to action.Training: These presentations are normally used to teach the participants some skills. These are used by educational institutes to train the students or teachers, or by businesses and enterprise to teach marketing and sales techniques, or to build up the leadership to take charge of a situation, etc.Persuasive: These presentations are used to persuade an audience to accept the presenter’s point of view and accept whatever he or she is proposing. The presenter needs to convince the audience to support his point and alter its beliefs and actions to coincide with those of the presenter.Instructional: These presentations are used to give directions or very specific orders. They are used to teach processes, or to give directions for the way a thing needs to be done. The presenter needs to have in-depth knowledge of the subject being presented, and the audience should come away with learning how to do something in a very detailed manner. These presentations can be longer than others and may be supported by reading the material to enhance the learning process.Informative: These presentations are used to deliver information of some sort. They can be of two types â€" reporting and explaining. Reporting presentations inform an audience of developments and bring them up to date. These presentations are used in sales, marketing, research grants, etc. The explanatory presentations provide information about products, concepts, techniques, methods and explain the processes to the audience. Presenters use facts and keep the information simple for such presentations.Not all presentations use only one technique to win over the audience. Most presentations employ elements of one or more types of presentation to succeed in connecting with the audience. So, most presentations can be said to be Multi-Purpose Presentations.Essentials of a Good PresentationThe purpose of a presentation i s to engage an audience, alter its opinion, and steer it toward the natural conclusion of the presentation which is to act upon the ideas that have been put forth. In order to be classified as good and effective, a presentation needs to have certain key features. The most important feature of any presentation is the presenter, which we will discuss in a separate section. The other essential features include:Planning: This includes details such as when the presentation will be given, what the venue is, whether the presentation is a formal one and requires a formal setting or an informal one. The nature and the size of the audience, what tools you will need and the type of interaction you are expecting from the audience.Content: The content and how it is delivered to the audience is very important. So a presenter needs to have an idea of what the audience wants in order to deliver content that is interesting and absorbing for them. Prepare content that is useful and interesting. Give only as much information as the audience can absorb in one sitting. Do not cram in too much.Structure: Make sure that the presentation has an introduction that is engaging. The presentation should be properly structured and contain a body, summary and conclusion along with the introduction. The information should have a logical progression and should be sequenced. The pace should be easy and comfortable. Do not lose the thread and wander too far from the main topic.Theme: Decide on the theme of the presentation beforehand and stick to it. A presentation need not be just verbal communication, freely use visual aids and body language to emphasize the point. You can also use the reading material to be distributed in the audience to support your argument. Prepare yourself well and know the theme intimately in order to convince the audience.Method: How the presentation is going to be delivered is also important. Whether it is going to be a direct contact method or will be delivered via a n audio visual medium such as a podcast, video conferencing, etc.Interaction: Once the presentation is over, the audience may have questions that need answering. It is important to allow time for that, as this is the feedback for the presentation and its effectiveness. A good presenter will be able to gauge the impact of the presentation by the way the audience responds.PRESENTATION SKILLS WHAT MAKES YOU A GOOD PRESENTERAny presentation is only as good as the presenter. A skilled presenter is essential for a presentation to be effective. The personality and demeanor of the presenter have to be appealing to the audience for them to connect and be receptive to the ideas being presented to them. A good presenter should have all or most of the following qualities:The Voice: This is what the audience connects to the most, as the voice is what guides them and leads them on to accept the ideas being presented. A presenter has to be aware of his or her voice, its pitch, tone and quality to make an effective presentation. It is important to pay attention to the volume of the voice, or how loud it is. The volume should be just enough for the audience to hear properly without the presenter having to shout. Good speakers know when to modulate their voice, what tone to use, when to speak softly to draw the audience in and when to raise it to emphasize a point. Speak clearly and at a pace that is neither too slow nor too fast. Varying the tone, pace and pitch of the voice helps to sustain interest.The Body: Whenever we are communicating with one another, we use our body to emphasize what we are saying. While making a presentation, the audience is not only listening, it is also watching the presenter. So a presenter must pay attention to the body language. One of the main things to watch for is the posture. How the presenter holds himself conveys a lot, so make sure that you hold your body well, have a good posture and do not slouch. Make ample eye contact with the audience . It demonstrates interest and establishes an element of trust between the presenter and the audience. Facial expressions convey the state of mind and help to connect. Have a pleasant expression and smile often. Be friendly and warm. Do not hesitate in using gestures and hands to communicate.The Attitude: The attitude of the presenter helps to establish a relationship and effective communication with the audience. The presenter should be open, friendly, and encouraging in order to relate to the audience better and create a trust factor. Feedback is an important part of the presentation and the effectiveness of the attitude and skills can be gauged through feedback. The presenter should encourage it by:Listening: The job of a presenter is to talk, but it is also important to listen to what the audience has to say. Do not hog all the time by talking, let others come up with ideas and encourage conversation.Evaluating: Evaluate what the audience has to say and determine whether it is v aluable and appropriate to the presentation or not and express your views.Interpreting: Explaining the questions or queries to the rest of the gathering so that it is clear to everyone present what was being asked.Supporting: Encourage the members of the audience to ask questions. Be supportive of their attempts.Questioning and answering: Question the inquirer to understand clearly what they wish to discover and answer the questions in as much detail as possible.Probing: Get as much information as possible, continue to encourage a dialog and clarify the doubts.Understanding: Understand the need of the communicator before answering. Do not ridicule a questioner. Answer the question even if it is one that has been answered before.Demeanor: It is a daunting task to stand in front of an audience and address it. The best of us can get nervous. It is how you deal with the situation that determines how good a presenter you can be. Do not display your nervousness to the audience as it will not be taken kindly. Be confident and sure of yourself. Learn to deal with your nerves and tension.Preparation: Be thoroughly prepared before you start. The presentation should be complete and ready to go, and you should be sure and confident of yourself and your subject matter. Be aware of your audience and what it might expect from you and prepare yourself accordingly.Habits: Almost all of us have certain quirks and habits. A good presenter is in control of these habits and tries to overcome these, at least while addressing the audience and for the duration of the presentation. It is important to address the habits or quirks as they distract the audience and makes the presentation less effective.Attention to Details: This is perhaps the most important of all the traits of a good presenter. Look at everything â€" the location, audience, the theme, message, tools, etc. in minutest detail so that there are no last minute problems that crop up to derail your presentation.PREPARING A G REAT PRESENTATIONOne can never prepare enough, and the same is true for presentations too. It is essential to be thoroughly prepared in advance. Being prepared will ensure that it progresses smoothly and that you know exactly what needs to be done at any particular time during the presentation. Being ready and prepared boosts confidence and helps to avoid problems. Here are some other points to ponder while preparing for a presentation:Subject of the presentation: You need to be familiar with the subject or topic that you are going to present. Most of the time you may be able to pick the subject matter yourself, but sometimes you may be given the subject by others who are organizing the presentation. Get to know your topic intimately before you get up to present your ideas.Objective of the presentation: Discover the objective of the presentation, why it is being organized, the reason behind it, and the expected outcome from the point of view of both the presenter and the audience. O nce you are clear of the objective, it becomes easier to plan and execute it.Audience: You have to consider the kind of people you are addressing and how it benefits them. You may need to create or modify your presentation according to the audience. The age, occupation, interests and other demographics of the audience will determine the content and the mode of presentation. The size and your familiarity with the audience are also the factors to be considered.Venue of the presentation: You should find out as much about the venue as possible. It is a good idea to visit it and familiarize yourself with the place before you walk in to give the presentation. If you have a choice of venue, choose one according to the size of the audience you wish to address. It is not a good idea to have a lot of people crammed into a small room or a small audience in a large hall. Make sure that all the tools that you may want are available to you at the venue.Your limitations: It is important that you a re aware of your limitations so that you do not take on more than you are equipped to do. Sometimes you may push your limits and come out on top, but this is not likely to happen every time. So stay within your limits to avoid disasters and embarrassments.Theme of the presentation: Decide upon the theme of your presentation, whether you wish to inform, sell, convert or just entertain the audience and stick to it.What should be included in the presentation: You need to decide upon the content in advance. Before you begin to create your presentation, think of what you need to convey to your audience, why you need to do it and how you are going to accomplish it. Once you have these points clear, you can start to work on your presentation, keeping the following in mind:Opening: Introduction to the presentation that sets the tone for the rest of the content. It should be engaging, friendly and designed to break the ice and get the audience’s attention.Body: This is the main subject mat ter of your presentation and should be presented in such a manner as to prevent boredom and monotony. Create different segments for different ideas contained within the main body. Each segment should have its introduction, body, and summary.Summary: This portion should be short and sweet and should be used to reinforce the ideas that were contained in the main body.Conclusion: This should encompass all that has happened during the presentation, including the feedback and question and answer session. Pass out any additional material, contact details, etc. that you need to give to the audience during this time.Editing: Once you have created a presentation, it is time to review and edit it to suit your audience and purpose. Check the language, the tone and voice, theme and ideas. Include anecdotes and stories to engage the audience. Check your captions, handouts, and other material. Check for grammar and spelling mistakes. Check the images and illustrations as well as print quality.Sel ect the mode of presentation: You should be careful about the mode of presentation. You may wish to use visual aids, handouts, PowerPoint, etc. depending upon what you finally decide after considering the factors above. This will largely depend upon the following:Facilities available to youThe occasionAudienceYour preferenceCreate your visuals: If you need visuals for the presentation, prepare them in advance. Familiarize yourself with them and where you wish to introduce them in the presentation.Rehearse your Presentation: Do rehearse your presentation in front of an audience of your friends, family or co-workers, so you are familiar with it and know what you need to do when. Also the feedback you receive from your audience can help you improve upon your performance and make the presentation more powerful.Follow-up: Make sure that your objectives were met. Ask people to determine how successful you were with your presentation. Get feedback, encourage people to get back to you if th ey have any additional queries or problems.DELIVERING AN EFFECTIVE PRESENTATIONDelivering an effective presentation is an art that needs to be perfected. A good presentation has to be enthusiastic, flexible and effective, and the presenter has to be a powerful performer. The main thing to keep in mind is to be organized. Manage your text, keep cue cards or slides ready, so you know where to proceed and what to say or do next. Create keywords and mind-maps. What you do to handle your notes and cues is up to you. Find a method that works for you and stick to it. Here are some Dos and Don’ts for an effective presentation:Be prepared to give a performance. Be yourself and avoid habits that may distract the audience.Practice your presentation.Assert yourself through your posture and presence.Connect with your audience through eye contact, body language, gestures and facial expressions.Do not read from handouts you have given to the audience.Address the audience directly.Use humor to ke ep the interest alive.Speak clearly and enunciate the words properly. Do not speak too fast.Walk and circulate around the venue, this creates proximity and encourages intimacy with the audience.Discuss your objectives.Do not hesitate to change your approach if you feel you are not making a connection with the listeners.Time yourself. Do not exceed your time limit.Most importantly believe in yourself.TOOLS FOR PRESENTATIONSYou do not have to depend only upon manual means for presentations these days. There are many tools available that can help you to create a good, effective, and engaging presentation easily and quickly. Some of these are:PowerPoint: A part of the MS Office software, PowerPoint has ruled the roost for presentations for more than 25 years. It is a presentation software where you can create slides that can include text, images and graphs to create powerful presentations.Overhead Projectors: This is an older form of visual aid that is still very much in use. Acetate sl ides were prepared to be projected onto a screen. These have now been replaced by projectors that can take a feed from computers to display PowerPoint slides or other such software.Prezi: This is a web-based presentation software that can work on most basic OS platforms. It is free for the basic version and costs $59 per annum for the pro version. It provides dynamic transitions and much more to create a professional quality presentation that can be used offline.Google Presentations: This is a web-based presentation tool that is free for use. It is a pretty basic software that offers cloud-based backup and allows you to share your work and collaborate with others easily.SlideShare: It is a convenient and easy way for people to share their work with the public. It is used mostly by sales and marketing people. It allows people to embed third party SlideShare into social media accounts, websites, and blogs.Keynote: This is an app that has been developed for Mac devices. This is Apple†™s presentation software and is a part of the iWork suite that is priced at $79. It is a simple and quick app that allows users to create professional quality presentations. It has inbuilt themes, great animations, and transitions.These are just some of the presentation apps and software available on the net. Others include Zoho Show, AuthorSTREAM, Present.me, TimeGlider, etc.CONCLUSIONIf your goal is to improve your presentation skills, then you will have to work on yourself. The effectiveness of a presentation is directly linked to the efficacy of the presenter. You may have created a great presentation but if you do not deliver it properly, all your hard work is wasted. So, the first thing you have to do is to improve your communication skills. Be consistent and constantly practice so that you are comfortable with your presentation and can deliver it with confidence. Keep the presentation simple and straightforward. Don’t create a presentation that has too much information in i t. This could confuse people. Discuss one idea at a time and explore it in depth. Pay attention to your voice, your body, and your attitude. Attend other presentations to see where you have scope for improvement and to gauge the level of competition. Most important of all, overcome your fear of public speaking and turn the nervous energy into enthusiasm for your work. Meet the audience before the presentation so you are not overwhelmed by them. Use positive thinking to get yourself into the winning zone. Always arrive early so you can relax and familiarize yourself with the audience. Once you have worked on yourself, giving a great presentation will become easier.

Reflection and Action Plan of My Results from the Holmes...

In discussing stress and anxiety in one’s life, the Holmes and Rahe Self-Assessments have the ability to put things into perspective for some people. My score, at 269, wasn’t much of a shock; however, seeing the words â€Å"you have a moderate to high chance of becoming ill in the near future† shocks the system. Couple those results with the nutritional value of foods I ingest, the diseases that befall us as a species, and the possibility of hereditary illnesses running through my own family, it should be taken as a wakeup call to make certain changes in my life for a better, healthier future. At the present moment, the tension surrounding me is no good, and would need to change for that future to occur. Where I stand (not financially†¦show more content†¦During this time, I managed to quit smoking (a habit I still have not returned to) and started actively seeking better health. Finances have not allowed me to continue with this and I fell back int o old habits-minus the smoking-of quasi-laziness. But the third thing that I would need would accompany the exercising and that would be eating better. I must admit, I have always been a poor eater when it comes to nutrition. I eat all of the wrong things, too much of the time, and very little of the things that benefit the human body and accommodate good health. Putting healthier foods into my body, on a timely scale for the metabolism’s boost, coupled with physical implementation, would aid me greatly in stress reduction and give me a boost where it is needed in my inspiration to better my emotional health, too. Goal Resource Where/how to get the resource Daily reduction of ritual/routine More from within-inspiration Inspiration from those close to me to foster spontaneity, creating everyday excitement nurturing better emotional health Exercise Daily Financial/Inspiration from those around me Financial and inspirational support, but an exercise routine can be found with everyday objects and/or just our bodies, raising heart rate in cardio and boosting the body’s natural enzymes Healthier eatingShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY

Political and Social Turmoil in Venezuela - 1475 Words

Venezuela officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela is a country on the northern coast of South America. It is known widely for its petroleum industry but it is now its roughest situations of all times. Milton Friedman once said that, if you put the government in charge of the Sahara desert, there’ll eventually be a shortage of sand. No wonder that, after 14 years of socialist government, Venezuela the country with the world’s largest oil reserves is currently importing gasoline. This fact highlights Venezuela’s agonizing dive into chaos as the economy crumbles and the nation’s social fabric unravels. Venezuela is now witnessing its largest protests in a decade. President Nicolas Maduro who is a affiliate and follows the socialist norms took power almost a year ago and has cracked down on demonstrations with unprecedented force, using the National Guard and armed paramilitary gangs. There is a considerable portion of the population that is fed up with the country’s rapidly weakening financial system. The government has run out of cash and now relies on printing money to finance itself. As a result this country has the highest inflation rate in the world. The Venezuelan population lives with a social anxiety day to day. They have a discomfort and fear when a figure from a higher social group proclaims a new norm to follow. As it is for now they are living imposed to price controls and there is shortage of food and medicines in the entire country. One outShow MoreRelatedLatin America Revolutions Essay775 Words   |  4 PagesPortugal lost control of Brazil, and Spain was forced to withdraw from all its American empire except for Cuba and Puerto Rico. Colonial government in South America came to an end. Three countries where revolts were successfully established were Haiti, Venezuela, and Brazil. The countries in Latin America benefited from the revolts because they became free from colonial rule, but, except for Brazil, they were left with many consequences. One of the first countries to achieve independence in Latin AmericaRead MoreVenezuel A Powerful Member State1378 Words   |  6 PagesNevertheless, Venezuela is â€Å"a very powerful member state because of its size, its highly industrialized society, and a GPD comparable to that of Argentina and Brazil.† It also has the â€Å"second largest export sector of all Latin American countries and the largest oil and gas reserves in Latin America.† These factors equip Venezuela with sufficient power to affect the Mercosur agenda and rival the influence of Argentina and Brazil. The Argentinian government, led by President Cristina KirchnerRead MorePresident Nicolas Maduros President Hugo Chavez1455 Words   |  6 PagesRepublic Bolivarian de Venezuela, have adopted a federal system with at least two levels of sub-national government† (p.167). Former president Hugo Chà ¡vez, who dealt with Cuba often, was slowly turning Venezuela into a dictatorship. A government’s antics, such as using coercion and fear tactics against opposition leads it towards a dictatorship. In fact, LaMassa (2015) even indicated â€Å"the influx of Soviet Marxist ideas that Cuba transferred to Venezuela have perverted the political culture of the countryRead MoreRussian Economic Overview1278 Words   |  5 PagesConclusion: Due to the political uncertainty combined with the weak economy that Russia is presenting for a forging investors, we conclude that better options of the BRIC’s countries would be suggested to BFSI invest its money instead investing in the Russia market. 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When we speak of Chà ¡vez, there were many before him who influenced the man he wanted to be and became. Chà ¡vez and most of Venezuela admired greatly Simà ³n Bolà ­var, â€Å"Simà ³n Bolà ­var was a South American soldier who was instrumental in the continent s revolutions against the Spanish empire. –After France invaded Spain in 1808, he became involved in the resistance movement and played a keyRead MoreThe Washington Consensus And Related Structural Adjustment Provisions ( Saps )1101 Words   |  5 Pagesto foster developments. Naim (1993) informs Williamson’s (2000) propositions, but his Venezuelan example, El Gran Viraje (the Reform), demonstrates these neoliberal policies are problematic. This paper thus encapsulates that such economic, social and political upheavals subsequent the Consensus and related SAP implementation are reasoned with the discrepancy between the idealistic or narrow interpretation and implementation of the Consensus, and the nuanced reality of a nation. The provision of aRead MoreThe Venezuelan Economy And Immigration1468 Words   |  6 Pages The Venezuelan Economy and Immigration Florida Atlantic University Michà ¨le Silva Monsant September 25, 2014 In a brief summary of what Venezuela s economy has been in recent years, we must first introduce Venezuela s economic model throughout the twentieth century, to understand perhaps, the anomalies that exist today. The mix between different economic systems and proposals approaches a socialism similar to the absence of private ownership of the means of production and the stateRead MoreVenezuela’s Economy: Oil, Political Instability, and Social Challenges1860 Words   |  8 Pagesdominated by the production of oil, Venezuela has enjoyed the highest standard of living in Latin America. In spite of its success in the oil industry, agriculture and manufacturing also play important roles in Venezuela’s economy. With this in mind, it would seem as though Venezuela’s economic state has flourished. 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To Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis - 772 Words

Learning concepts can come in the most unexpected ways; many times you have to look back and determine what happened in order to recognize that you have mastered something new. Whether it is morally, or physically, people acquire new information daily. In the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, two characters, Jem and Scout, live in Maycomb, Alabama where they learn many lessons. Atticus, Jem and Scout’s father, helps them learn and understand many of these life morals. Jem and Scout take in multiple moral lessons such as not jumping to conclusions, being respectful to everyone, and having contentment for what you have by interacting with other citizens of Maycomb. Mrs. Dubose, an older woman who was a morphine addict, was not only†¦show more content†¦To demonstrate, Jem and Scout were embarrassed that Atticus â€Å"did not do the things our schoolmates’ fathers did† (Lee 48). All of the other fathers were young and had exciting jobs while Atticus was older and a lawyer, which was not as exciting. Even though he might be fifty years old, Atticus was still able to shoot a rifle at Tim Johnson, the wild dog that went loose around Jem and Scout’s house. After this event, Jem and Scout learn and realize that Atticus was certainly extraordinary being himself and that they should be grateful to have him as a father. After learning this new moral, both Jem and Scout have matured by observing and respecting what they have in their life. Maycomb, where Jem and Scout live, was home to a variety of different people, either white or colored, and many of them need to have more respect. Just because not everyone has the same caste level, that does not give people the right to disrespect others. One occurrence was when Scout invited Walter Cunningham to eat with them. Walter was a citizen of Maycomb on the lower end of the caste system and was very poor. Even though he did not have proper manners, Calpurnia, Jem and Scout’s caretaker, insisted that he was a visitor to their house. Scout thought â€Å"He ain’t company, Cal, he’s just a Cunningham† (Lee 13). Scout was being disrespectful to Walter as she did not believe he should have been invited over, but Calpurnia believes otherwise. She feels that everyone thatShow MoreRelatedTo Kill a Mockingbird Character Analysis Essay763 Words   |  4 PagesEssay Prompt: In a 1-2 page character analysis, explain what makes Atticus such a good parent, usi ng quotes and evidence from the text to back up your claims. The Most Memorial Parent In 2003, the American Film Institute chose Atticus Finch, a respectful, dignity attorney from To Kill a Mockingbird, as the greatest hero in 100 years of film history. Harper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird in the 1960s and it immediately received huge acclaims from readers throughout the world. In the novelRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis783 Words   |  4 PagesMockingbird Characters A mockingbird is someone or something that does no harm to others. In the story To Kill A Mockingbird, there are three characters that symbolize a mockingbird. They are Boo Radley, Atticus Finch, and Tom Robinson. These characters are innocent and do good to others. They also deserve no harm to be done to them. Boo Radley is a character the symbolizes a mockingbird. People like Mrs. Crawford spread rumors about Boo. â€Å"As Mr. Radley passed by, Boo drove the scissorsRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis721 Words   |  3 Pagesclass 6th Period English ll December 21 To Kill a Mockingbird is written by Harper Lee. It is the story of a black man’s struggle for justice. The protagonists Atticus Finch and his daughter Scout and other characters such as Tom Robinson and Bob Ewell, the author reveals her themes showing the evils of racism and the need in humans for respect. heroism is found in this novel, characters who show both physical and moral courage. Three characters to start are Atticus Finch, Mrs. Dubose, andRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis903 Words   |  4 Pages To Kill a Mockingbird, a novel written by Harper Lee, takes place during the Great Depression in the fictional town of Maycomb County, Alabama. The novel is narrated by Scout Finch looking back upon events within her childhood in Maycomb. She retells the various adventures she’s had with her brother, Jem, and father, Atticus. Scout and Jem are often getting themselves into trouble whether it is because they are pestering their reclusive neighbors the Radleys, or are destroying the gardens of anotherRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis924 Words   |  4 PagesThe novel To Kill a Mockingbird is based on the passed experienced from Harper Lees childhood. The character of Atticus resembles the author’s father, and the character of Scout resembles herself. To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel written by the well known author, Ha rper Lee. This book is written in Scouts perspective to portray her life. The main character, Scout, who is also the narrator is portrayed as a young girl who is still learning the rules of life. Her father, her brother Jem, and nannyRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis956 Words   |  4 PagesEmpathetic Development in To Kill a Mockingbird Developing genuine empathy is one of life’s greatest challenges. In To Kill a Mockingbird, author Harper Lee uses unhypocritical, more experienced characters like Atticus to expose Jem and Scout to adult knowledge. Their adult influence is what brings about the empathetic growth and maturity of Jem and Scout. Atticus is one of these adults. After Scout is upset by her teacher’s inability to understand Maycomb County’s culture, Atticus delivers theRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis756 Words   |  4 Pagesso that she could end the aggression her father gave her. Mayella is powerful due to the fact that she is white, her family is the poorest family out there, but because of her color she will always be preferred over African-Americans. In â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird,† Harper Lee uses class, race, and gender to determine if Mayella has power after all. In this case, power brought her down to be on a negative side. She may be white but because of the way she lives she will never earn the trust of othersRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis733 Words   |  3 PagesIn the story To Kill a Mockingbird it follows the life of Jem and Scout as they grow up in a time of inequality and injustice. In the beginning of the story Scout does not understand Atticus’ life lessons, but as she matures she will. The author tells the story from an older and more mature Scout’s perspective. Harper Lee also uses the voice of Jem to portray the internal and external conflicts in the book. Using Jem’s voice, Lee reveals how a young man can rise above ignorance in their communityRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis1005 Words   |  5 Pages Character Development and Theme PBA â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† by Harper Lee is an exceedingly powerful novel. It includes many significant minor themes such as racism and hatred which leave the reader to have grown more attentive to the past once they complete the book. The book takes place in Maycomb County Alabama during the great depression. During this period there was a great deal of hate and prejudice towards people of color, in addition to a great regard to social class. The novels protagonistsRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis791 Words   |  4 PagesCourage is an essential human quality. Facing fears against all odds is a feature in many novels. Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is no exception. Many characters depicts the quality. Some in normal situations others, take on terrifying tasks in a unique and original way. Scout, Jem, Atticus, and Ms. Dubose show bravery in many areas of their lives, one character risks their careers, others have a situation that lacks massive consequences. Scout shows courage by standing up to her family

Music Concer Final Paper free essay sample

With the feeling of excited and Curious, I decided to enjoy the perfect play performed by The New York Youth Symphony. And the music director In this concert is Joshua Germen. This is my first life experience to attend to a music hall and listen to the classical music concert. The Carnegie Hall located at west 40th street, New York. It Is a 5-floor high building which can fill at least 400 people. The 2nd to 4th floor is some small rooms and looks classical.I was so lucky that got almost the last ticket and I sit at the 5th floor on the left side of the concert. I went to my sit In a hurry because I didnt want to make any noisy when the play started. I learned that from my Music 110 Class, every time when professor start to play the music, we need to play attention and keep quiet to respect for the musician, so that everyone can enjoy the melody truly. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Concer Final Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The hall was noisy before the concert start. I could hear that everyone was so excited to talk about how the play will be.Soon, the play started. Suddenly the concert was so quiet because everyone stops talking almost at the same time as soon as the music rings. Its the practices before the real show start. After a few minutes of prelude, the conductor came out in warm applause. He introduced himself and started the first songs. All musicians in the team, The New York Youth Symphony, dressed in official dresses. It felt like we are the king and queen in an old auditorium to enjoy the show.The strings class musicians are in the first few front rows In turns of violin, cello and he percussion instrument are at the back. They made a half circle to surround the conductor. They follow the beat and look for the sign which the conductor gave to play their musical Instruments In a smooth and one way. According to the knowledge learned from the course and the introduction, the songs are from different music history period of styles. The first song is Festive Overture, Pop. 96, written by Dimmit Catastrophic in 1954, the after period: The second song Confusion Concentrate A major, Pop. 5 written by Ludwig Manure in romantic erred; The third song is Universal, written by Gabriel Sucker in 1990 at Midnight and the fourth song is Symphony No. 9 In E minor. Pop. 95, B. 178 From the New World written by Antonio Dobra in Romantic Period. The first three songs were average twenty minutes and the last song last for forty minutes. As a music beginner, I have limited knowledge to think about what Is good or bad In the song. But I just try my best to put my feeling into the song to enjoy it. I closed my eye and sit relaxed on the chair, let the sound surrounded me.Its wonderful to listen to music when your eyes are keeping closing. I used to listen to pop music for more than two hours without getting bored and this is my first time to enjoy the classical music for more than two hours. The pop music, its diversified and unlimited. For where there are life, that means where the music are. My parents are planning a trip to visit and feel the culture of New York City. The Carnegie Hall is one of the famous places in New York; I am planning to lead them to the music show as one of their stops in the trip.

Travelling Through the Dark by William Stafford

Cry, The Beloved Country Quotes

Cry, The Beloved Country Quotes Cry, The Beloved Country is the famous African novel by Alan Paton. The story follows the journey of a minister, who travels to the big city in search of his prodigal son. Cry, The Beloved Country is said to have been inspired (or influenced) by Laurens van der Posts novel  In a Province (1934). Alan Paton started the novel in 1946, and the book was finally published in 1948. Paton was a South African author and anti-apartheid activist.   Quotes From Chapter One Through Chapter Ten There is a lovely road that runs from Ixopo into the hills... [T]hey go to Johannesburg, and there they are lost, and no one hears of them at all. One day in Johannesburg, and already the tribe was being rebuilt, the house and soul being restored. I have one great fear in my heart, that one day when they are turned to loving, they will find that we are turned to hating. All roads lead to Johannesburg. Now God be thanked that the name of a hill is such music, that the name of a river can heal. Quotes From Chapter Eleven Through Chapter Twenty for who is not silent when someone is dead, who was a small bright boy? Cry, the beloved country, for the unborn child that is the inheritor of our fear. Have no doubt it is fear in his eyes. You see, my brother, there is no proof that my son or this other young man was there at all. [W]e do what is in us, and why it is in us, that is also a secret. It is Christ in us, crying that men may be succoured and forgiven, even when He Himself is forsaken. Old man, leave him alone. You lead him so far and then you spring upon him. Quotes From Chapter Twenty Through Chapter Thirty It is not permissible to add to ones possessions if these things can only be done at the cost of other men. Such development has only one true name, and that is exploitation. The truth is, our civilization is not Christian; it is a tragic compound of great ideal and fearful practice, of loving charity and fearful clutching of possessions. In a land of fear this incorruptibility is like a lamp set upon a stand, giving light to all that are in the house. [T]his thing that is the heaviest thing of all my years, is the heaviest thing of all your years also. Nothing is ever quiet, except for fools. I shall care for your child, my son, even as if it were my own. I am a weak and sinful man, but God put His hands on me, that is all. Something deep is touched here, something that is good and deep. Forgive us all, for we all have trespasses. I have learned that kindness and love can pay for pain and suffering. Quotes From Chapter Thirty-One Through Chapter Thirty-Five When you go, something bright will go out of Ndotsheni. that is a small angel from God. Although nothing has come yet, something is here already. One thing is about to be finished, but here is something that is only begun. But when the dawn will come, of our emancipation, from the fear of bondage and the bondage of fear, why, that is a secret.

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Research Paper Example Some misrepresentations however aim at esteeming an organization’s financial position to present a better image to stakeholders. I, in this paper, review cases of accounting fraud. Worthen reports a claim by Hewlett Packard that Autonomy, a United Kingdom based company that it acquired two years ago, had misrepresented its financial position to the harm of Hewlett Packard. Hewlett Packard reports that the acquisition was overvalued and the transfer of ownership led to an almost nine billion dollar write off and a consequent loss in hp’s trading. hp claims that its internal audit detected gross misrepresentation by Autonomy prior to the 2011 acquisition with claims of intentional motive to overstate both income and profitability of the organization. The perpetrators, according to the article, further intended to conceal such acts but Autonomy’s founder dismissed the claims as false. The founder, Mr. Lynch who worked with hp after the acquisition however cited poor management by the new owner of his former software enterprise as the possible cause of the financial conditions at Hewlett Packard. Reports of formal action by hp for legal investigations and action by both United States and United Kingdom authorities identified significance of the case that would transcend international legal systems. History of Hewlett Packard, prior to the acquisition, had however been marred with integrity compromises that led to reorganization of its top management and the departure of its two chief executives in 2010 and 2011. While Mr. Hurd had to resign in the year 2010 for conflict of interest that manifested in relationship with a client, his successor who also spearheaded the Autonomy deal bowed down to pressure after barely a year (Worthen 1). Investigations into the fraud case were initiated in May 2012 after Hewlett Packard’s lead legal personnel reported allegations from a member of Autonomy’s management team that gross manipulation of accounting records occurred before the property’s transfer to Hewlett Packard. While the informant’s anonymity was maintained, Autonomy’s auditing firm expressed its positions of having no interest of knowledge of such malpractices though the accounting firm did not express confidence in its client’s accounting records prior to the sales. Mr. Lynch however maintained that his former business was developed on integrity and was stable before internal differences among hp’s management team led to its collapse. Supporting Lynch’s allegations are reports of other managerial challenges such as mobility among hp’s top executives, reduced costs, increasing liabilities and reducing demand for some of the organization’s products. Even though private audit identified inconsistency in classification of items for recording, hp’s allegations of gross misrepresentation was downplayed by its representation by distinguished accounting fi rms during the acquisition and the fact that the firms did not detect such claims (Worthen 1). Even though existing information does not establish validity of the claim, Autonomy appears to have misrepresented its accounting records to portray a profitable and competitive enterprise that it was not. The primary motives of such misrepresentations have however not been established but occurrence prior to Autonomy’s sales suggest that the misrepresentation aimed at deceiving potential

EMPLOYABILITY AND PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PowerPoint Presentation

EMPLOYABILITY AND PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT - PowerPoint Presentation Example ime tested advice, advice that have been rediscovered over a period of time often has a good deal of practical value (Hutchings, Sue, &Judy 2002, pg 189). Therefore, I think that this also applies to ways of improving social skill and building solid social network in the future. In summary, this paper will discuss on how to improve social skill and to build solid social network in the future. Improving social skill is significant because it builds a confidence interacting with people as well as, developing strong communication skills that would increase the chance for successful relationships, hence building a solid social network in the future. Social skills can be improved through good communication skills. It is evident that people are not born with good communication skills like any other trial; however, it is learned through error, trials and repeated practice. Presently, social skills have become an integral part of functioning both in communities and organizations. Therefore, displaying good manners, communicating effectively with others and expressing personal needs are all essential components of solid social skills. There are various ways in which social skills can be improved. These include being smart small. For instance, if talking to a crowd of people is a scary proposition, one can start small. This means that, one does not necessarily need to start out by having a long and a meaningful conversation with others, but he/she can simply share a smile with someone. Starting small is significant in increasing a persons’ confidence. The other way of improving social skills is through use and practice. Social skills may be practiced, however, people with anxiety may find this to be a scary prospect. In spite of all these, the good news is that any type of social interaction can help a person to develop his/her skills, which will help them in building a solid social network even in the future. The other way to improve social skills is through observing

Theories on Employee Satisfaction and Motivation

Theories on Employee Satisfaction and Motivation This chapter first reviews the HR practices followed in the manufacturing firms in India. Secondly it has a closer examination on the employee satisfaction, motivation, theories on motivation and finally on the factors influencing employee satisfaction. Employees are the important assets of an organization. Many organizations fail to succeed due to employees. Employee motivation is one of the major aspects responsible for organizations prosperity. The motivated employees have the better performance than the unmotivated employees do. Employees performance varies depending upon the motivational level of the employees. Human management practices Human resource management plays a vital role in an organization to achieve the organizational objectives. Each individual possess different skills, abilities and background. Therefore, the organization has to employ the appropriate programs to develop the employees effectively. HRM systems responsible in the successful implementation of employee participation will likely enhance the value of the organization (Arthur, 1994). The authors (Huselid, 1995; Wright, Dunford, Snell, 2001) of strategic human resource management have said that employees behaviors and motivation can effectively be improved through HR practices. The activities of Human resource management are achieved through organization goals. The human resource management (HRM) practices influence the satisfaction of employees in meeting the expectations of the employees. The HRM practices such as involvement programs, performance based compensation , career management practices, performance management , open job -listing and job transfer practices plays a critical role in enhancing the level of motivation. However the response in the Indian manufacturing firms to these critical factors are insufficient towards employee motivation (The Indian express Ltd, 2009). The activities of human resource are human resource policies and human resource planning which involves the recruitment and selection, job design, training and development, wage and welfare management, employee health care benefits, labour relation assistance(photanan,2004). Guest (2002) examined that effect of HRM on Employee performance depends upon the attitude of the Employee towards HRM Practices; hence, the HRM Practices in an organization will be followed depending on the Employees Perception. Wood (1999) and Guest (2002) has focused that the employee commitment and competence is responsible for the successful implementation of Business Strategy. Cooke (2000) has argued that individuals efficiency and effectiveness are more significant than the competitiveness and productivity hence the HR practices such training plays a vital role to increase the individual performance through increased knowledge and skills. The improved productivity of an organization is due to the increased commitment of an employee. The Incentives scheme apart from the associated cost benefits the organization (summers Hyman, 2005). The use of HR practices shows the stronger relationship with the firms productivity in the High growth industry (Datta Et al, 2003). The employee will show an adaptable effort if proper performance management is linked with the compensation system. Qureshi M Tahir and Ramay (2006) have defined Job as a combination of set of activities such as duties, responsibilities, working conditions and expected skills of individual performing the job. Many researchers have proved that employee outcomes have direct relationship with the HR Practices (Sels, et al 2006). These researchers (Collins, Ericksen, Allen, 2005) have examined that the small business units have found that the HR practices has significant relationship with the outcomes of an Employee. In this study, the motivation is found to be the most important activity of HR activities. The HR manager must overlook on the motivational program to different levels of employees in an organization. HRM PRACTICES Employee Satisfaction Organization and structure Mission and Values Company Leadership Opportunity Job satisfaction Pay and benefits Rewards and Recognition Relation between HRM practices and Organization performance OToole and Meier (2008) have examined the relationship between the organization performance and the employees attraction and development of their abilities. However, the previous research has focused the relationship between the HRM outcomes like job satisfaction and the performance of the public organizations. Ostroff (1992), Kim (2005) and Meier Hicklin (2007) have given the relationship between the factors such as job satisfaction, employee turnover and organizational performance. Since the early 1980s, the studies on the HRM in the firms which are privately owned have stressed on the HRM principles. Research has proved that studies have an increased focus in the HRM. (Boselie, 2002). Several authors (Paauwe, 2004 ; Bowen Ostroff , 2004 ; Pfeffer 1995 ; Wall Wood, 2005 ; Boselie et al ., 2005) have supported the assumption that the higher quality of HRM principles that are followed in an organization would lead to the better performance of the employees in the organization. Alt hough many results have found the relationship between the HRM and the performance, there is no clear existence of such relation discovered (Bowen ostroff, 2004). Several authors (Beer, Lawrence, Mill and Walton, 1984) have examined the relation between the HRM practices. For example, the relation between HRM practices such as selection, rewards, training and performance of both individual and organization Relation between the Employee satisfaction and HRM practices Bowen and ostroff (2004) has proposed that employee perceptions play an important role in translating HR practices into desired outcomes in an organization. Furthermore they put on theory by arguing that the employee perceptions of HRM practice are significantly important in an organization .However they have focused not only on the HR practices with respect to the employees behavior that are supported and rewarded by management but rather than HR practices of employees attributions. Thus, the climates for safety-focused behaviors are expected and rewarded. (Zohar, 1980).Schuler Jackson ( 1987) have examined that several authors in the research studies have proposed that every organization establishes the HR strategy in which employees are considered as the assets to exert high quality products and services. The firm likely to have made investments for the continuous development of employee skills, the management also motivates the employees to work hard to achieve the goals moreove r the management focuses on the benefits of the employees in terms of compensation, performance pay above revenues and profits of the organization. In contrast, some firms also adopts the strategy towards the low cost ion theories such as considering employees as cost to control, focused more on the rules and regulations of the organization, quantifies the employee output.(Bamberger Meshoulam ,2000). Schuler Jackson (1987) have proposed that employees are seen as the replaceable workers based on low costs, In contrast Osterman (1994) argued that the firm should possess the responsibility to adopt the innovative work practices such as enhancing skills, commitment and motivation rather than reducing costs. According to the underlying managerial philosophy of employee welfare if employees perceive that the HR practices are motivated towards well-being then employees feel satisfied rather than the management cares less about the well-being of the employees. Importance of motivation Motivation is generally driven for the unmet needs of the employees that help to satisfy the employees through their efforts. The needs of the employees could be the emotional and economic expectations that are influenced by both external and internal environment of the firm. The economic expectations have risen significantly in the last decades. However, the firms in the manufacturing sector face difficulty to meet the rising expectations whereas the emotional expectations have proved to be reasonably fair (The Indian express Ltd, 2009). Every individual has motives that are influenced certain factors to achieve better performance (Kressler 2003). The word motivation is derived from the Latin word Movere which means to move (Kressler 1998). These Researchers (Higgins 1994, as cited by Linder, 1998) has defined Motivation as the internal drive of every individual to satisfy the unmet needs. To achieve the specific unmet needs the individual behave in a purposeful manner (Linder 1998). Jones and George (2004) has stated that the motivation drives the psychological forces of the individual that determines the persons level of effort, the direction of persons behaviour in an organization and persons level of determination in face of the obstacles. The concept of motivation is directly linked to the concept of morale, which states that employee feels positive or negative about the work in the organization. Thus from the above definitions of motivation it is understood that motivated work force or the creating an environment for maintaining high levels of motivation remains a challenge for todays management. Motivation theories Motivation theories help managers with the methods to increase the productivity of the organizations. The Motivation theories, industry and society are linked by the motivation factors and the relationship between is diagrammatically represented as follows Motivation Factors Motivation theories Industry Society Source: Bhatti et al (2008) Many researchers have proposed theories based on the concept of employee motivation and its role in enhancing employees performance in every organization. In this research discussion on some of the motivational theories will include Maslow (Need theory), Hertzberg ( two factor theory) , Mc Gregor ( theory X and Y), Vrooms( Expectancy theory ) are as follows. Maslows hierarchy of needs Maslow conducted an investigation into the human behavior between 1939, and 1943. After his investigation, he suggested that the human needs were classified into five categories that are arranged in a hierarchy of importance. These include Physiological needs Safety needs Belongings needs Esteem needs. Self-actualization needs. According to him, a person is motivated primarily to satisfy his physiological needs. As long as the employees remain unsatisfied, they turn to be motivated only to fulfill them. When the physiological needs are satisfied, they cease to act as primary motivational factors and the individual moves up the hierarchy and seek to satisfy the security needs. This process continues until finally self-actualization needs are satisfied. Source: Chapman (2004) Physiological needs Physiological needs are the most basic needs in the Maslows hierarchy and these needs are required to satisfy the minimum survival of the person, which includes food, water, oxygen, sleep, sex and sensory satisfaction. Some of the organizational factors are required to satisfy the needs include the minimum pay necessary for survival and working conditions. Flexible work schedule allowing opportunities for leisure time, vacation, medical leave etc. Good working conditions are provided to all employees of the organization they must not feel any physical strain. Providing a sufficient salary to fulfill their necessities such as shelter, medicine, clothing and food. Once the satisfactory salary is made available to the employee, then he will in a position to fulfill his needs, salary becomes less important and security needs comes in front such as savings plan. In Maslows hierarchy of needs, the money is directly related to physiological needs since money ensures a safety and comfortable environment. Moreover, pay should prove motivational especially to the employees who have strong low level needs. Suppose if the employees receive a healthy pay raise, doubtless, the raise will not only give them prestige among family and friends but also sign their competence as a worker. Thus pay can also function to satisfy the social, esteem and self -actualization needs. If pay has this ability to fulfill a variety of needs, then it should have especially good potential as a motivator (John, 1996). Safety and security needs Once the physiological needs of the employee are satisfied, safety and security needs would come forth. Needs for safety and security includes financial security, stability, dependency and freedom from fear and anxiety. Under organizational conditions the needs include are safe working conditions, fair and sensible rules and regulations, job security, pension and pension plans and freedom to unionize. According to Maslow, these needs must be minimally satisfied before an employee is concerned with social and belonging needs at work. Social needs According to Maslow, this need is also known as belongingness and love. Social needs include love, affection and friendship with people, especially with spouse, children and friends. Organizational factors that might meet the needs include the opportunity to interact with others on the job, friendly and supportive supervision, teamwork and finally to develop new relationship. According to Maslows theory employees in the organization gain to attain things such as salary, benefit and safe working conditions naturally prior to accepting a job. Esteem needs Once the employees feel satisfied with their pay and benefits at work, they are likely feel to distinguish and be recognized. The need for esteem includes self-respect, self -esteem and esteem for others, which are focused internally and externally. Internally the esteem needs includes a desire for strength, achievement, mastery, confidence, independence and freedom. Externally the esteem needs include desire for reputation or prestige, status, fame, dominance, attention etc. organizational factors that might satisfy these needs include the opportunity to master task leading to feelings of achievement, responsibility, awards, promotions, prestigious job titles and professional recognition. Although all employees does not get the opportunity to get responsibility and status , but generally every employee like to be praised and appreciated for doing a good job. Self-actualization The self-actualization is the highest need in Maslows hierarchy includes the need for self-actualization, continuous self-development and finally becoming the best one among all. Organizational conditions that might meet these needs include Providing challenging and rewarding work. Opportunities to be innovative and creative. Certain degree of autonomy is provided in the challenging environment. Steers (1991) has proposed that higher level of needs are not so important until the low level of needs are satisfied. Thus, it is likely to achieve a higher-level need to attain before a lower level need is completely satisfied. Thus, Maslow examined that working adults are satisfied about 85 percent of physiological needs, 70 percent of safety needs, 50 percent of their social needs, and 10 percent of their self -actualization needs. Herzbergs motivation-hygiene theory According to Herzberg, the theory is also known as two-factor theory. He stated that their will certain satisfiers and dissatisfiers for employees at work. Intrinsic factors are related to Job satisfaction and extrinsic factors are associated with dissatisfaction. Herzberg, Mausner and snyderman (1959) referred to factors that influence job satisfaction as motivators because these factors motivate the employees to performance the work better. Conversely, the factors that cause dissatisfaction are referred to as hygiene factors. According to them, the motivational factors include Sense of achievement, Recognition by others, and Responsibility within the job, Advancement and personal growth, Work itself. The Hygiene factors include Pay, Job security, working conditions, Company policy and administration, Level and quality of supervision ,Interpersonal relationship (Naylor, 1999). Those factors that are related to dissatisfaction are called hygiene or nonsatisfiers, maintenance factors, or events. These factors are related to the work environment of the job, which is also referred to as Extrinsic factors (Peretomode, 1991; Ukeje Okorie Nwagbara, 1992; Whawo, 1993). Herzbergs has been faced several important criticisms. King (1970) has proposed that the model has five different theoretical interpretations. Second, a number of scholars believe that that the model that the model does not give sufficient attention to individual differences are , in fact, important moderators of the effect of job enrichment. People commonly argue that money is a primary motivator, but surveys show that other factors motivate more. For example, a survey by development dimensions international published in the UK times newspaper in 2004 interviewed 1,000 staff from companies employing more than 500 workers, and found more than 500 workers, and found many to be bored, lacking commitment and looking for a new job. Pay actually came fifth in the reasons people gave for leaving their jobs. The main reasons were lack of stimulus jobs. Moreover, no opportunity for advancement-classic Herzberg motivators-43 percent left for better promotion chances, 28 percent for more challenging work, 23 percent for a more exciting place to work, 21 percent and more varied work (Chapman, 2004). It is interesting that, despite the number of criticisms against Herzberg model, Herzbergs motivation -hygiene theory is still popular among corporate managers. Source: From Management (p. 545), by J. Naylor, 1999, Harlow, England: Prentice Hall. McGregors theory This theory was proposed by Douglas Mc Gregor in 1960. He has underpinned assumptions about the approaches taken by managers towards the Employees. Theory X assumptions Individuals especially dislike work. Individuals should be committed to do work to achieve the objectives. Individuals expect the supervisors to direct the work. Theory Y assumptions Individuals view the work to be natural. Individuals learn to accept and seek responsibility. The abilities such as imagination, creativity, ingenuity can be used to solve work problems in the organization. In modern organizations, the intellectual potential of the employees are only partially utilized. McClellands theory of needs This theory was proposed by David C McClelland in 1985. This theory focuses on the following three needs: Achievement, Power and Affiliation which are as follows: Need for Achievement An individual feels the need to outrival to achieve and to succeed. Thus the employees who are in need of achievement do not contribute any challenging work to the organization, and then the motivation will not be seen in them. Need for Power An individual with the high need for power are interested in monitoring others activities rather than self-performance. Thus the employees who are in the need of power will take personal responsibility, provide feedback and they take high risks. Need for Affiliation An individual with the need for affiliation will like to perform the tasks individually rather than work with others. Thus the employees who are in high need to affiliation prefer to spend more in maintain social responsibilities. Vrooms Expectancy (VIE) Theory Vroom has developed the Valence, Instrumentality and Expectancy (VIE) in 1964. The expectancy theory is one of the accepted theories of motivation. It tells about the relationship between expectation and outcome and then motivating individuals come down into three important variables that include effort, performance and outcome (The Certified Accountant, 2008) and the relationship is illustrated below Vroom has proposed the mathematical function for motivation, which involves three cognitions. The equation is as follows. Motivation = expectancy X à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (valences X Instrumentalities) Motivation = expectancy X à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (valences X Instrumentalities) Gregoriou (2008) has suggested that the employee is motivated to show a maximum level of effort when he /she believe that their effort leads to good performance appraisal. The personal goals of the employee will be satisfied when he/she is rewarded by the organization. In other words the theory focuses on the following three relationships such as Effort-performance relationship, Performance-reward relationship and rewards- personal goals relationship. The above relationships are shown in the figure Ability Environment Personal Goals Individual Performance Individual Effort Organization Rewards Source: Gregoriou (2008) The above figure explains that the majority of employees offer minimum outcome are not motivated towards their jobs. The workers do not show much commitment towards the production when their effort are not recognized by their employers, when they are not rewarded by the organization and when the expected reward is not attractive personally. In simple words, the expectancy theory concentrates on the understanding of the target of the individual and the relationship that exists between his/her effort, performance, reward and satisfaction. Theories of job satisfaction Three theories of job satisfaction will be briefly discussed below: Affect Theory, Dispositional Theory, and Job Characteristics Theory: Affect Theory Edwin A. Locke developed the Affect Theory in 1976. According to this theory, the differentially weighted work is closely related to the expected pay. The decision has a greater positive effect on his or her overall assessment of job satisfaction. Satisfaction is determined by a disagreement between what one wishes in a job and what one has to do in a job. Employees become satisfied or unsatisfied depending on the expectations faced by him at the work place. When the expectations are met, the person feels satisfied and values the work he carries out and finally shows a higher positive impact on his performance. When expectations are not met , the impact on job satisfaction is negative. Dispositional Theory Timothy A. Judge proposed the Dispositional theory in 1998, a well-known job -satisfaction theory. This theory states that employees at the work place have intrinsic dispositions that cause them to have tendencies towards a certain level of satisfaction. This theory explains that job satisfaction tends to be steady overtime across careers and jobs. The basic idea is that satisfaction is directly related with the need and that implies something to be satisfied. He has proposed four core self- evaluations such as self-efficacy, general self- efficacy, locus of control and neuroticism that determine ones disposition towards job satisfaction. In this model, Higher levels of self-esteem and general self -efficacy lead to higher job satisfaction. Focus on Internal locus of control leads to higher job satisfaction. Finally, lower levels of neuroticism leads to higher job satisfaction Job Characteristics Theory Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham have proposed the Job characteristics theory in 1976. This theory is based on five core job characteristics such as skill variety, Task significance, autonomy and feedback. These five job characteristics are further related to these critical psychological states such as experienced meaningfulness, experienced responsibility for outcomes and knowledge of the actual results. These, in turn, influence work outcomes such as job satisfaction, absenteeism and work motivation. Therefore, if employees are allowed to complete the task by fully utilizing a variety of skills, it is likely that they perceive their job as meaningful that leads to high job performance and high intrinsic motivation. Therefore, if employees are able to accomplished the work completely then they fell satisfied with what they have accomplished which in turn leads to low absenteeism and high turnover. Core Job Dimensions Critical psychological states Personal and work outcomes Skill variety Task identity Task significance Experienced Meaningfulness of the work Experienced responsibility for outcomes of the work Knowledge of the actual results of work activities Feedback Autonomy High satisfaction with the work High quality work High internal work motivation Low Absenteeism and Turnover Employee Growth and strength Source: Celik (1999) Employee Satisfaction Armstrong (2000) has proposed that the HRM is the strategic management where the members of the organization are responsible for the achievement of organizational objectives. According to SHRM, employees are considered as important assets in the organization. These Researchers (Wallale, Eagleson Waldersee 2000) have argued that the HR strategy of an organization should be focused more on developing skills and ensuring motivation and commitment. According to Hunter (1997), Employees are loyal and productive when they are satisfied, and these satisfied employees influence the customer satisfaction as well as organizational productivity (Porterfield 1999).These Researchers (Cranny , Smith Stone 1992) has defined Employee satisfaction as the combination of affective reactions to the discrepancy perceptions of what he/ she wants to receive. The satisfied employees will work more willingly and contribute to the effectiveness of the organization. Good working conditions, Training and Educ ation, Good Relationships with the colleagues, High salary, opportunities, career developments and other benefits may be related with the employee satisfaction. These researchers (Moyes, Shao Newsome 2008) has investigated that employee satisfaction differs from one employee to other employee, that is, an employee may be more satisfied by a satisfying item whereas the other employee may be less satisfied with the same item . This shows that Employee satisfaction should be analyzed from a larger perspective. To investigate the factors responsible for employee satisfaction and measuring the employee satisfaction at the work place is important for the success and profitability of the organization is gaining the competitive advantage in the market scenario (Kelley 2005). Therefore, various factors responsible for employee satisfaction on different areas (such as manufacturing industry, service industry etc) will enrich the literature. Factors affecting Employee satisfaction Several factors determine an individual motivation level. There are two forms of motivation namely intrinsic motivations and extrinsic motivations. Intrinsic motivation results from satisfying an individual belief and values whereas, extrinsic motivation are based on tangible good or service to the individual (Kreps 1990). Deci and Ryan (1985) have proposed that every organization should determine intrinsic and extrinsic factors that motivate employees. In addition, an individual shows his or her satisfaction of an activity depending upon the reward value of the organization. Deci (1971) found a relationship between the external rewards and internal motivation. The intrinsic motivation decreases when the employee receives an extrinsic reward and intrinsic motivation increases when the individual receives the positive verbal reininforcement and positive nonverbal feedback. Therefore, Immediacy is viewed as a reward that enhances intrinsic motivation. Among several factors Communication, Learning and Growth, Working conditions and Employee Engagement are considered as the most significant factors influencing Employee satisfaction from company point of view. Learning and Development These researchers (Delaney Huselid 1996, Huselid 1995, Koch Mc Grath 1996, Mac Duffie 1995) have examined Employee development as the most important determinant of Company performance. Most of the HRM practices related to the development of the human resources of the firm. The development of knowledge or skills of the employee depend upon the technical and non- technical training offered by the company. This shows that the company investments for training have a greater positive effect towards achieving the performance of the employee in the firm. Francesco and Gold (2005) argue that the training and development focus on planning, individual learning, career development and organization development. Molander (1996) has defined Training and Development as the systematic process focused on acquisition of skills, knowledge and attitudes that lead to organizational performance. In addition, the low training in organizations may tend to lose their attractive to the present and potential labour. Harzing and Van Ruysseveld (1995) have stated that there are certain areas to be focused in the training which, are developing the knowledge of the person towards organizational objectives, specific job and task skills, knowledge about understanding the local situation such as social, legal and cultural issues of the environment .Therefore developing the specific personal skills of the employees to perform well in that environment. Training is the most important factor for the employee retention. Employees who receive extensive training will realize about the company investment and show their commitment towards achieving the goals of the organization (Butler 1999). Clark (2001) has pointed out that the care and concern for employees and opportunities for growth are the most significant drivers in establishing the employee loyalty. Moreover, he argued that care and concern for employees could be delivered through employee training. When the employees are trained, specialized and educated, opportunities for growth on the personnel level as well as within the organization will come into existence. The need for Employee training and development is determined by the Employee performance deficiency, which is given as follows Training and Development Needs = Standard Performance Actual Performance Arondhekar et al (n.d) has proposed that any training and development contain certain inputs that enable the employee to gain skills, learn the theoretical inputs that help them to look into the distant vision. The inputs of training and development are as follows Skills Education Development Ethics Attitudinal changes Decision-making and Problem solving skills. Importance of Training and Development in the organization Arondhekar et al (n.d) has stated there are many benefits of Training and Development to the organization as well as to the employee which are categorized as under Benefits for the organization. Benefits for the Employee. Benefits for the organization Enhances communication between the group and individual. Assist in orientation of new employee especially those who take new job through transfer or Promotion Provides information in equal opportunities and affirmative action. Provides information on administration policies and other Government laws. Improves Interpersonal skills Make

The DVD Revolution :: essays research papers fc

The DVD Revolution Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the features and advantages of DVD video. Central Idea: The DVD video format has superior audio and visual quality to VHS, as well as more special features, which is why it should eventually occupy the place of the VCR in American households. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I’d like to start things out by taking a survey. How many of you remember having a CD player in your house fifteen years ago? Not very many of you, I see. Of course, we all have CD players now. It took a little over a decade and some major price drops, but eventually we all threw out our old vinyl and cassettes and opted for the excellent sound quality and convenience of CDs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Just as the CD took the place of cassettes, many people believe the DVD, or digital versatile disc, will soon take the place of VHS tapes. Many of you may not even know what a DVD is, so before I go any further, let me show you what one looks like. (Take out DVD disc) It’s the same size as a CD, but it has two sides. Just like a VHS tape, it plays movies directly on your television. DVD video players were originally released in early 1997, and their first year sales were twice that of CD players, which is strong evidence that the DVD is here to stay. Why is the DVD so popular, and what makes it better than VHS? There are three main reasons: sound quality, picture quality, and special features exclusive to DVD. (Transition: Let’s start with the sound quality of DVD) Body I. The sound quality of DVD is far superior than that of VHS. A. DVD discs utilize digital technology, which is the same technology used by compact discs. 1. This means that you will get crisp and clear sound equal to CDs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. DVD players are also compatible with all surround sound formats. 1. For those of you who don’t know, surround sound is a system of speakers set up across a room that provides a listening experience similar to being I in a movie theater. 2. The combination of a surround sound system and CD quality sound is best realized when listening to musicals like â€Å"Singing in the Rain†, or action films with a lot of sound effects, such as â€Å"Starship Troopers.† C. You have the ability to listen to different audio tracks. 1.

Toothpaste critique

What's in This Toothpaste? By David Botanist. The audience/reader Is informed about how toothpaste In made, the Ingredients which are used to make Just a bottle of tube and other alternatives that can be used if you opinion about toothpaste changes. The author talks about if toothpaste is something you should consider or keep using. There are a few examples of diction which are present in the essay, the first one would be, â€Å"It's there because people like to have a big gob of toothpaste to spread on the brush.This creates a mental picture/image in the readers mind because, this effect relates to Imagery while the reader Is reading that passage they can relate to It because they have seen It in first person. Another example of imagery is present as the author states, â€Å"The tube of toothpaste is squeezed, it's pinched metal seams are splayed. † This creates the same visual effect in the readers mind, when they are doing that and it is impossible to make the toothpaste t o come out, so this relates to the readers past experience.Another example where David Botanist shows imagery is, â€Å"This is the flavoring, and it has to be strong. Double rectified peppermint OLL Is used. † This creates an Imagery of smell which the reader often smells after brushing his/her teeth. In the essay syntax Is present, the first example is where and how the author places his paragraphs, the author in depth states his first topic and first ingredient and then backs up his argument, he then explains what the ingredient is used for and also gives a description.This show that the paragraphs are well placed and explained, this creates an effect of keeping the essay neat and well organized. Another example where the author shows sentence structure Is how the author keeps the paragraphs hurt, which tends to trick the reader that he Is reading less but really he Is reading the same but faster. This creates an effect of speeding up the tempo of the essay. Usually if the paragraphs are too long the reader tends to get bored or distracted.Another example is the author makes a statement, â€Å"Water mostly, 30 to 45 percent in most brands: ordinary, everyday simple tap water. † In the essay this is an incomplete sentence where the author makes a statement and carries on, this creates an effect of a pause so the reader can think about that basically people pay three dollars or more for water. A powerful rhetorical device which is used is juxtaposition, where the author compares two things, toothpaste and water, â€Å"studies show that brushing with just plain water will often do as a good Job. This give an alternative for the reader if their opinion on toothpaste changes. A second rhetorical device is hypoxia, where the author raises a question but ends up answering it himself to add effect, â€Å"Is that it? Chalk, water, paint, seaweed, antifreeze, paraffin 011, detergent, and peppermint? Prove his point, also it allows the author to write more, the effect of this is that this is play on word.The third rhetorical device which is present is colloquialism, word like â€Å"bobbing,† â€Å"gob,† â€Å"goodies,† and other slang words that the author uses to get his point across for everyone, interpreting the author you can tell that the author uses informal words to connect with the younger audience. The tone that the author sets is for a younger audience, the author uses in formal word, to target teenagers, another target is the people who don't know much about toothpaste. The title of the essay grabs the attention of the reader and forces them to read. Toothpaste is meeting people use daily but they have no clue what it is made up of.The mood which is created is the audience feeling disgusted because toothpaste manufactures use; pesticide, detergent and chalk: the kind that teachers use to write on the black board, and that is the same toothpaste we put in our mouth. Another mood is the audience is i nformed about how bad toothpaste could be if swallowed. Overall the writing choices made by the author were remarkable, really loved the message the author way trying to get across. In the end David Botanist serves his purpose of writing the essay of educating people about toothpaste.